First Impression of Iago Essay

My first impression of Iago is that he’s a manipulative and hypocritical man who tries to make up for the lack of success and happiness in his life by destroying that of others. In Iago’s first appearance in the play, he’s seen manipulating the wealthy but foolish Roderigo into giving him money. He claims to be taking this money to buy extravagant gifts to woo Desdemona on Roderigo’s behalf, but he keeps the money for himself. â€Å"Iago, who hast had [Roderigo’s] purse/ As if the strings were [his]† is clearly taking advantage of the jealous suitor of Desdemona (I. i. -3). As Roderigo is threatening to drown himself, Iago says to him, â€Å"If the/ balance of our lives had not one scale of reason to poise/ another of sensuality, the blood and baseness of our/ natures would conduct us to most prepost’rous/ conclusions† (I. iii. 325-329). This is hypocritical of Iago because he is scolding Roderigo for letting emotions and desires take over his life, but Iago lets rage, jealous, and his thirst for revenge take over his life. As a result of the lack of happiness and success in his own life, Iago feels the need to destroy that of others. When Cassio is promoted to lieutenant, Iago conspires to have him fired by suggesting that he’s having an affair with Desdemona. When Othello marries Desdemona, Iago tries to turn Brabantio against his new son-in-law. Iago is unhappy with his life – he doesn’t have the job he wants, and his marriage isn’t a happy one – so he tries to compensate by making the lives of others miserable as well. Iago appears to be a typical villain whose plots are made in an attempt to get revenge on the protagonists. His manipulative and hypocritical ways help conceal his wicked thoughts from the foolish Roderigo and over-trusting Othello.

An Investigation Into the Effects of Temperature on Enzyme Action

An investigation into the effects of temperature on enzyme action An enzyme is a biological catalyst that speeds up the rate of reaction in certain biological functions. They play a vital role in many aspects of human physiology and are necessary for the functioning of a number of systems, for example in the digestive system to help to break down food. All enzymes have a unique active site that can fit on to a particular molecular arrangement on a target substrate; a substance e. g. carbohydrate, protein, or fat, that the enzyme is designed to breakdown.There are a number of different enzymes in the human body; each type produced specifically to perform a certain role. Enzymes are not themselves destroyed in the reaction to break down a substrate but their effectiveness is reduced under certain adverse environmental conditions. The two most important ones are temperature and PH level; also concentration of enzyme is also a determining factor. Enzyme action is biochemical in nature an d, in line with many chemical reactions; it speeds up with an increase in temperature. This would continue until a certain critical temperature is reached where it’s working efficiency drops suddenly.This is due to a deforming or ‘de-naturing’ of the active site leaving the enzyme unable to bond with its substrate. In humans this can have life threatening consequences if the body temperature rises above 40 degrees Celsius. As enzymes normally function in their own particular part of the anatomy, they operate most efficiently in a medium with a specific acid/alkali (PH) balance. If this balance is either too high or too low it’s functioning is reduced and in extreme circumstances this can lead to de-naturing also. An investigation was carried out in order to study the functioning of a particular enzyme ‘Trypsin’.This is produced in the pancreas and is found in the pancreatic juice; it is used to break down proteins. As it is believed that all e nzymes function most efficiently at some optimum (ideal) temperature this investigation looked at the ability of trypsin to function effectively over a range of discreet temperature settings. These included measurements from 20 degrees c, to 60 degrees c, in ten degree intervals and included a measurement at 0 degrees c, for comparison. The substrate used was protein from skimmed milk. Method A one per-cent solution of trypsin in sodium hydrogen carbonate was used to eliver a uniform dose in a favourable P. H. environment. A skimmed milk powder preparation of 5% in 95% purified water was used to mitigate undue discrepancy in the results. All equipment, that came into contact with the study mediums, was sterile e. g. test tubes, syringes etc. A cross was marked with a marker pen, on the side of one test tube at the bottom and then 2ml of trypsin solution was then placed in a second. The two test tubes were then placed in one of a number of water baths, set at varying temperatures, fo r five minutes, in order to raise them (or lower) to a target temperature.The time was measured with a digital stop clock. After five minutes both samples were removed and the trypsin was poured into the tube containing the milk. The stop clock was re-started and ran until the trypsin had broken down enough of the milk protein to make the marker pen cross clearly visible across the width of the test tube. This process was repeated, by five experiment groups, until each group had a measurement at each required temperature. The results were then recorded on a data table. All due health & safety precautions were followed including the wearing of lab coats and goggles.Care was taken when handling the samples at the upper temperature ranges e. g. ; 60 Celsius. As trypsin itself is an irritant care was taken with this and hands were washed thoroughly. Nobody drank the milk. One or two checks and tests were put in place in order to validate the data trends. A colorimeter was used as a more scientifically consistent measure of milk clarity: (one sample was taken from each temperature setting) and mean readings were calculated from the table results to hopefully reduce the effect of moderate outliers.Conclusion As expected the results did indeed show an increase in trypsin activity as the temperature was raised above zero towards forty degrees Celsius. The only surprising result was that the data trends showed that this increase was sustained until a maximum was reached at 50 degrees c, when it was expected that the maximum would be at 40 degrees c, which is closest to its working temperature of around 37 degrees c. There are a couple of possible explanations for this apparent anomaly.Firstly: Among the readings for the 40 degrees c, and 50 degrees c, samples there are a number of irregularities; including two low readings at 50 degrees c. It must be pointed out at this time that a shorter time recording indicates an increase in trypsin activity, so the table and graph are ones of inverse correlation; as the graph or data go down, the value (enzyme activity) goes up. Secondly: The samples were only placed in the water bath for five minutes and as soon as any samples were removed the temperature would have begun to gravitate towards room temperature.It stands to reason that the rate of change in samples that were furthest from room temperature, to start, would have been the greatest. Consequently, the sample that should have been 50 degrees c, to start, might have been considerably lower at the time of reaction. It is hard to believe that all of the trypsin would have been de-natured in one instant, so any that was not would have reacted rapidly causing a fast reaction time for the 50 degrees c, sample.Returning to the first point: As the trypsin reacted during the experiment, the marker pen cross would have appeared gradually as the milk sample cleared. This would have left a large margin for error because the point at which to stop the timer wou ld have been, very much, a matter of opinion. This has probably lead to a number of inconsistencies in the results. The effects on the data range seem to have been varied, for example: At 0 degrees Celsius, the difference between the highest and lowest recordings was 6%, at 60 degrees it was 241%.One check, previously mentioned, was the measurement of a data set using a colorimeter. This device measures the amount of light passing through a sample. The results from the back-up experiment confirmed the expected trends; namely as the temperature increased the trypsin activity increased up to an optimum of 40 degrees c, after which the enzyme activity tailed off rapidly. How the experiment could have been improved: Overall, the experiment was well conducted and good practice was followed.However, having one person with experience in analyzing samples deciding exactly when to stop the timers, would have reduced the occurrence of any outliers in the data. Also, it is not difficult to ima gine setting up equipment that would work along the lines of the colorimeter, measuring light levels through a sample, only set to stop a timer the moment a particular uniform reading was reached. The samples could then be placed in this equipment the moment the trypsin was added, hopefully resulting in an accurate and uniformly consistent set of data being extracted.

Google ‘s mission statements Essay

1. How is Google’s mission statement related to its business strategy? Google is an organization that provide information to the world in which it can be accessible easily and letting people make use of the information and to make the world’s information universally accessible and useful. Google is always takes risk, because they really want to expand their market size so that it can reach the world. 2. How does Google’s information systems strategy support its business strategy? Google’s information systems strategy supports its business strategy. The implementing an innovation strategy in the firm for moderates the relationship between the market information system and organizational responsiveness. Innovation strategies value creative new ideas and promote risk taking to experiment with new ways or new approaches to various organizational activities. The sense-making process, the firm with an innovative strategy may construct  more novel or creative responses to the generated and shared information than the firm without an innovative strategy and firms without pursuing an innovative strategy, firms pursuing an innovative strategy are more willing to allocate resources to activities that respond to potential market opportunities and to test new ideas . So, the relationship between the market information system and organizational responsiveness is stronger in firms pursuing an innovative strategy than in firms that are not pursuing an innovative strategy. 3. How does Google’s organizational strategy support its business strategy? Google let data for a project that is going on and also let its systems to be accessible by all its employees through the help of company with Intranet. Intranet is an internal or private network of an organization based on Internet technology and accessed over the Internet. Google is let this be accessible because, they feel they might be other employees that may have idea of the work or project going on in other department. 4. Which of Porter’s three generic strategies does Google appear to be using ? There are three basic classifications strategy by Porter, which are cost Leadership , Differentiation and Focus, which target either a broad or a narrow market segment. Porter’s Three Generic Strategies Google is using Differentiation Generic Strategic , Google try to differentiate its search engine style different from other search engines and also how the ad style are been advertise is also different. The use of innovative processes for business is a unique business model. Google mission which is â€Å"to organize the world’sinformation and make it universally accessible and useful† shows that Google targeted to broad  market scope. Google also made its interface simple and easy touse compare to its rivals. Which most of it rivals have recently copied from Google.Google kept on investing on its employees so they can capture the big market or world. 5. Using D’Aveni’s Hypercompetitive Framework, analyze Google’s strategy and the type of market disruption it has created. D’Aveni’s Hypercompetitive Framework Google’s strategy and the type of market disruption it has created using a dynamic environment perspective. Google positions for speed and surprise by constantly innovating by setting limitations on how long it will take to make changes to its products and services. Through its new products and services Google gave, which are AdSense ( AdSense is a strategy for web advertesing which has gain money to web site owner without unpaid account) and GoogleApps, etc. Its low cost marketing its shifts the rules of competition by finding new and better ways to serve its customers.Google as an organization never stopped seeking new knowledge through its innovative management strategic and also they ready at all time to invest in risky projects that have a high-return potential. Beside of that, Google facing with critical problem in security of information system and Google puts security in the infrastructure and focuses more on detective and corrective control.

Discussion Board 6 - Chapter 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Board 6 - Chapter 5 - Essay Example A clear example of such a word is Bun. The word was originally coined to describe a round type of bread that is used in the making of various sandwiches. But over the years, it has also been used to describe the way a woman wears her hair in a bunched up ponytail near the top of her head. The same word, describes two different things that merely share the same shape and size. A hair bun and a bread bun. Both meaning a round and plump object with one being edible and the other not. Regional examples of the verbal differences in the meaning of words include cinema and theater. Although the words connote going to see a movie in most instances, in some regions, the theater means a the venue for a live show that is different from a movie house. We can also consider the same difference when it comes to the words Film and Movies. Although they both describe the same thing, movies is the word often used to describe any ordinary video that one is watching. While the term film is used to connote a high brow movie that requires a more serious discussion and

Legal and Ethical Considerations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Legal and Ethical Considerations - Research Paper Example The document is significant because both the contractor and the client  are protected  in terms of legal and ethical issues. Contracts  provide  terms and conditions that are either verbal or written (Susan and Katherine, 2000). In this context, we  review  how conflicts arise due to disagreements between the client and the contractor whereby part of the  crucial  details  has been omitted  in the contract documents and; therefore, this eventually affects the  progress  of the intended project. In the project, that  is intended  to help the community and the hospital by the provision of water supply whereby a water reservoir is to built, the contractor and the management team of the BAMC disagree on the ongoing  project  of  reservoir  construction. The disagreement occurred because the location of the reservoir  is situated  on  hard  granite rocks that require  expertise  and heavy machinery to blast the rocks before construction  i s commenced. ... Some of the mutual solutions that the contractor and the management team decided include the relocation of the reservoir site. The  reservoir  is supposed  to help the community and the hospital; therefore, the location should be at a central location. On the other side, if the  entire  location  is composed  of the hard rocks, then the  management  personnel of BAMC should reconsider the  compensation  of the contractors because the rocky  place  will require heavy  machinery  for blasting the rocks and this may be quite  costly  to the contractors. For a  consensus  to be achieved, both parties need to  comply  to the need of the other so that no  party  feels oppressed. A matter of  vast  concern  to contractors is how they can  make  stability  between quality and  security  against expenditure. Contractors  want  to  plan  a product that is of high quality but the  business  administrators  want  to  maintain  a low cost in the expense of quality product. At the end of this, various issues, which include business, official, and ethical issues, arise (Creswell, 2002). The  business  matters evolve around what organizations must do in order to  compete  in the business sector. The officially authorized and  moral  issues centers around what the organization should do. The contractor has a legal  responsibility  to  grant  safe  services and products. However, the contractor is legally responsible only for contractual  indemnity  and not for any additional destruction that the client may incur.  Although if the contractor commits fraud  deliberately, then he or she may be criminally  accountable  for the fraud committed. There are  various  challenges that are facing

Recycling in the US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Recycling in the US - Essay Example It should however be noted that all this developments in waste management took place against the backdrop of lack of mandatory legislations on recycling. Consequently, states like New York, California, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Michigan, and Hawaii among others introduced measures to popularize and enforce recycling as a waste management strategy. Through legislations, disposal of recyclable wastes was penalized and the offenders had to part with heavy fines. Keywords: recycling, waste materials, legislations Recycling in the United States of America Recycling entails collecting and processing materials that would otherwise end up in trash. The recycling process converts such material into new products. As such, recycling is very beneficial to both the community and the environment. Many countries across the globe have embraced the concept of recycling. For instance, the United States has been in the frontline in ensuring that recycling is done in an effective way. As much as there lack any federal law that mandates recycling in the United States, various states and local government have taken it upon themselves to institute a wide range of recycling requirements and procedures. Various states have established law oversee the recycling of various products. In a nutshell, mandatory and voluntary methods were employed in implementing the introduction and adoption of recycling. While the mandatory strategy drew its backing from compulsory laws and regulations, voluntary techniques were enforced without coercion and were built around winning the goodwill of concerned parties and letting them participate at will. Many states employ the two strategies combined in order to increase the avenue for effective waste management and so far the results are tremendous. The country has lived to see trucks which collect garbage being combined with waste processing trucks to speed up the recycling of unwanted materials Waste management is currently a burning issue as the world dawns to the harsh realities of global warming together with the ever changing climatic patterns. Many conventions and declarations have been made to try reversing the trend but still there remains a substantive work to be done (Pellow, 2007).Garbage has been identified as a contributor to this threat to sustainable human, animal and plant life on the planet earth. The question then comes to how best can these wastes disastrous as they are be managed with the least of resources to attain an efficient pollution free environment? It is upon this basis that recycling as a waste management technique comes in. This presentation critically looks at the advantages and disadvantages of employing it as a waste management strategy in the United States of America (Pellow, 2007). Advantages of Recycling It promotes the conservation of scarce natural resources. Due to their limited availability, resources like timber, minerals and water need to be protected from depletion as they play a crucial role in ensuring the sustainability of life and minimizing conflicts that may result from the scramble for the little available resources. Trees play a crucial role in the gaseous exchange of the ecosystem besides providing ground cover and protecting water catchments. Water is a necessity of life for both the flora and fauna. Its absence or limited presence thus poses a great risk to the environment. Minerals are limited in supply meaning their continued extraction leaves nothing. It is thus

Article summary Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Summary - Article Example Meanwhile U.S intelligence had been watching Libya for months but no one was able to give warnings of the Benghazi attacks, as disclosed by another U.S official under condition of anonymity because they are not allowed to talk about intelligence matters in public. However in terms of spies on the ground U.S army has kept surveillance over Libya since ages, these spies are intermixed with the locals and they do not carry arms and ammunition and their names are even not disclosed. Furthermore to increase the area they cover, the frequent use of drone technology is put to practice, one official said. Moreover intelligence which is gathered from the air by using drone also requires confirmation from the sources or spies on the grounds in order to attack or to go after for targets. So therefore need of more spies is somehow justified by U.S officials in this way. Likewise since Libya is in a re-developmental phase so there is confusion and competitiveness likely to present amongst the different political and religious parties, furthermore â€Å"The Libyans in just about every endeavor are just learning to walk, let alone run," said by Paul Pillar (Dozier, 2012). Dozier, K. (15 Sep. 2012). ‘U.S. Scrambles to rush spies drones to Libya.’ USA Today. Retrieved September 15, 2012, from Harding, L., and Stephen, C. (12 Sep. 2012). ‘Chris Stevens, US ambassador to Libya, killed in Benghazi attack.’ The Guardian. Retrieved September 15, 2012, from

Literatue proposal Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Literatue - Research Proposal Example Dandyism became confined to a marginalized subset of men who were loathe to give up their subverting performance of gender and beauty; it re-emerged as a central part of society from 1830, with Balzac's Treatise of Elegant Living, and peaked towards the end of the century with such figures as Oscar Wilde. So what was British dandyism in this transitory phase from 1790 to 1830? This essay will look at Garelick's Rising Star, Cole's â€Å"The Aristocrat in the Mirror†, and the Whartons' The Wits and Beaux of Society to understand the dandy's place in early-nineteenth-century society. This proposal will briefly describe the uses of each of these texts before going on to suggest more potential sources. Rising Star: Dandyism, Gender and Performance in the Fin de Siecle was written by Rhonda K. Garelick in 1998, and focuses on the aspects of dandyism which have flourished into one of the themes of twenty-first century celebrity. In her introduction she recognizes dandies as â€Å"s exually ambiguous† (3) and â€Å"double-sex beings† (5), in a manner which implies that dandyism was threatened by the very existence of womanhood.

Disneys Pocahontas - History And Entertainment - A Study In Collision Movie Review

Disneys Pocahontas - History And Entertainment - A Study In Collision - Movie Review Example One more notable thing is the movie’s perspectives in terms of it background’s design. When Pocahontas took that leap off the cliff, we are taken in awe by the cliff’s height. Trees seem to be of gigantic size making a lot of the scenes a feast of, as well as a visual adventure. At some point in the movie, we begin to wonder if such a paradise exists. After some clicks on the net, we realize that although Jamestown does exist, as did the characters and the tribe, the topography was entirely fictional if not a collection of travel brochures. Now the question of whether that matters obviously depends on where the question is coming from. For the producers, in the case of the making of Pocahontas, they cared about two things: making tons of money and garnering awards. Although â€Å"Pocahontas† did not register as well as â€Å"Lion King† at the box office, it did win both the Golden Globe and the Oscar for its theme song, â€Å"Colors Of The Windâ₠¬ , it also earned a sizable amount. As it does traditionally, the introduction of cutesy animal characters guaranteed the inclusion of the youngsters’ attraction to this animated film. That these animal characters do not talk at all, made the movie able concentrate on the love-drama between the main characters and the people surrounding them. Plot-wise, Pocahontas was able to nail it. There were minimal loopholes. Story-wise, it was quite tight. We find ourselves smile a little when we see How quite systematic the natives farmed at that time. ... sizable amount. As it does traditionally, the introduction of cutesy animal characters guaranteed the inclusion of the youngsters' attraction to the this animated film. That these animal characters do not talk at all, made the movie able concentrate on the love-drama between the main characters and the people surrounding them. Plot-wise, Pocahontas was able to nail it. There were minimal loopholes. Story-wise, it was quite tight. We find ourselves smile a little when we see how quite systematic the natives farmed at that time. But then, if someone wants a more realistic film, the recently released, "The New World" starring Colin Farrell would be more befitting. When it comes entertainment, most average "Janes" and "Joes" do not really care about historical accuracy. Except perhaps in cases where the characters are still living or alive, or where the issue is political. In the first place, Disney did not even mention "a true story" or "based on a true story" in any of their posters nor trailers. Your last name 3 Plainly, had the producers stuck to historical accuracy, the whole project would have a totally different treatment- comedy perhaps Who knows That the real "John Smith" was stout, bearded and alleged to be a coward, is not a character suited in a love-drama that sells not only the beauty of this movie's own Jamestown but the physical beauty of its characters as well. This is reality- the reality of marketing and the reality of business. For their part, the filmakers couldn't have gotten critical acclaim for its animation and art direction without all that

The Department of Defense as an Organization Research Paper

The Department of Defense as an Organization - Research Paper Example (Fox 4). This paper discusses on the organizing functions of a big organization which is the Department of Defense (DoD) in terms of its human resources, knowledge and technology. It is a good measure of the organization's ability when viewed in this perspective especially at a time when there is a dearth of resources available due to budgetary constraints. Efficiency and effectiveness are good criteria by which to judge the leadership of the DoD in these areas. Discussion It is no small challenge to manage an organization the size of the DoD which is also charged with keeping the security of the nation as well as its allies internationally through the many defense pacts it signs with them. The Department of Defense controls the United States armed force services (army, air force, navy and marines) through its chairman, the joint chiefs of staff. The designated DoD secretary is the chief policy adviser to the president in terms of execution of approved policies of the administration. In the exercise of its mandated duties or responsibilities, the DoD must likewise make full wise of the resources made available to it to carry out its mission of protecting the country and deterrence of war (DoD 1). Human Resources – the DoD is the oldest and also the largest of all departments in the United States government. With some 1.4 million men and women in uniform (active duty and another 1.1 million people in the National Guard and Reserve forces), it also manages the pension, retirement and other benefits for the estimated 2 million retirees and their families. In addition, the DoD also employs approximately 718,000 civilian personnel. This paper is more concerned and focuses on how the DoD exercises its organizing function with these civilians. The DoD manages and organizes its large civilian employees primarily through its Civilian Personnel Management Service or CPMS. It is considered as the â€Å"center of excellence† for its civilian human resources t o create and sustain a diverse, high-performing and flexible civilian workforce, a model of excellence in the entire Federal government bureaucracy (CPMS 1). The CPMS is charged with the overall strategic policy planning and oversight of the department's civilian employees' plans, policies, and programs of its employees worldwide. It is headed by the deputy assistant secretary for civilian personnel policy. Its mandate includes talent acquisition, development and sustainment of excellence through its various programs such as strategic workforce planning, career and succession planning, leader development and senior executive leadership programs including the Civilian Expeditionary Workforce (CEW). In line with cost-cutting initiatives, DoD has implemented its Emergency-Essential policy classifying the retention of employees in civilian positions only when that position has been designated as E-E before crisis situations and secondly, if the civilian position is deemed necessary to s upport combat-essential systems. This allows for flexibility to remove civilian employees to reduce payroll but still maintain effectiveness in the face of continued threats (AS-DOD 1). The second important direction the DoD has taken is in joining the outsourcing bandwagon by hiring contractors and sub-contractors to perform jobs previously done by the military personnel; this policy covers foreign host-country and third-country

Propaganda Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Propaganda - Essay Example This is because it has a way of distorting truths. The media helps in spreading propaganda to reach a wide target audience. The intention of the conveyer of the message is usually to create an understanding that is different from the people’s belief. For instance, a leader can use propaganda to propagate hate in communities. The leader can mislead the masses by giving them false information concerning the ongoing in the government. Interestingly, propaganda contains some element of truth as indicated by Jowett, Garth & Victoria (289). However, propagandist coats the lie with facts to deceive the audiences. Sometimes people who spread propaganda base their information on rumors in most circumstances. In addition, there are occasions when individuals spread propaganda unknowingly. Authorities use propaganda in justifying certain behaviors in the society. This mode of communication during the holocaust period appeared to support the heinous acts perpetrated by the supporters of the Nazi movement in Germany. Besides, I have come to realize that the use of propaganda can be beneficial of the society. For instance, campaigns to sensitize individuals in the community can take the form of propaganda. Consequently, the government can use it to eliminate fears among the masses by providing information concerning certain events in the society. There are times in which propaganda fails to reach its target audience. For example, the opponents of the ideology might receive propaganda aimed at convincing the supporters of a given ideology positively (Jowett, Garth & Victoria 307). Moreover, propaganda creates confusion when the message conveyed to the audience is incomplete. As such, it has contributed to rise of conflicts in the societies. The use of propaganda is not a new concept in the society. Records indicate that civilizations used it in communication during the 15th century. It began as a

The purpose of this experiment Essay Example for Free

The purpose of this experiment Essay The purpose of this experiment is to measure the pulse flow of blood through the finger and correlate it with ECG. In addition, we examined the effects of hot and cold temperature on peripheral circulation. It was hypothesized that the temperature and exercise would increase the cardiac cycle and pulse pressure. Three participants were doing the experiment. A 19 year old female, who weighs 110 pound, drinks coffee often times and nonsmoker, did the exercise. A 20 year old female, weighs 135 pounds, non coffee drinker and nonsmoker did the cold temperature. Also a 20 year old female, weighing 106 pounds, non smoker and non coffee drinker did the hot temperature. Electrodes were placed on left ankle, right hand and left hand. Besides that, pulse transducer was attached in finger. Baseline was established, 3 cardiac cycles and 3 pulse pressures were measured at rest. We did this in the same way for each individual. In addition, we did 3 cardiac cycles and 3 pulse pressure after exercise and temperature experiment. The effect of cold temperature did make variation in heart rate and pulse. Figure 1 shows that heart rate decreased when participant placed her hand in cold water. In the same way, figure 2 shows decrease in heart rate when the participant placed her hand in hot water. Figure 3 shows that exercise increased the heart rate of the participant. The results we observed for the cold temperature experiment was decrease in temperature. In other words, we observed a gradual decrease in heart rate after the participant put her hands in cold water. In addition, we noticed an increase in pulse rate after the experiment. Also, we noticed decrease in heart rate and increase in pulse rate for hot temperature experiment. But when I did research I found that the heart rate should increase in cold temperature and should decrease in pulse rate. Also for the hot temperature the heart rate must increase and pulse rate should decrease. So I can not interpret the result. However, for the exercise we noticed increase in heart rate and pulse rate. Resting and exercise heart rate are controlled by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system prepares the body for physical activity by increasing heart rate, blood pressure and respiration. Once exercise begins, the sympathetic nervous system is activated and the heart rate rises quickly. The parasympathetic division helps slow down heart rate and respiration. At rest, the heart is controlled by the parasympathetic division, which is why the average resting heart rate is 72 bpm or less. During exercise, the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine stimulate receptors in the heart which causes heart rate to increase. J. Grayson, Reactions of the peripheral circulation to external heat, J Physiology vloume 1, pg 53-63. www. pubmed. com Sandercock, et al. Effect of exercise on heart rate variability, 03/28/2005, www. medscape. com M Buchheit, J J Peiffer, C R Abbiss, P B Laursen. Effect of cold water immersion on postexercise parasympathetic reactivation. American Journal of Physiology : Heart and circulatory physiology 296. 2 (2009): H421. Sciences Module. ProQuest. University Park, PA. 23 Feb. 2009 http://www. proquest. com

Determining Cognitive Functioning of Individual

Determining Cognitive Functioning of Individual Serial assessment in neuropsychology is necessary to make inferences regarding an individual’s level of functioning, i.e. to determine whether there has been ‘real’ improvement or decline, outside of measurement error, normal variation and clinically insignificant change [1]. A number of psychometric methods have been developed in order to interpret changes in test scores over repeated occasions of assessment. The associated problems and processes that are involved in delineating observed scores into their subcomponents of measurement error and true scores are complex and problematic [1]. Acquiring knowledge and understanding of issues pertaining to measurement error, such as the standard error of measurement (SEM,) is crucial to accurate interpretation of neuropsychological test results and change scores. The SEM refers to the total error variance of a set of obtained scores, where the obtained scores are an unbiased estimate of an individual’s true score [2]. It is the standard deviation (SD) of an individual’s test scores had the specified test been undertaken multiple times, and is calculated by multiplying the baseline SD of a measure by the square root of one minus the reliability coefficient of the measure [3]. The SEM is inversely related to a test’s reliability, such that larger SEMs reflect less reliable tests, and therefore denote diminished accuracy with the measure taken and the scores obtained [1]. This leads to greater variability within a test battery and thus any interpretation of results in such a case should be undertaken with a considerable degree of caution [4]. SEMs are useful in preventing the unwarranted attachment of significant meaning to between-score differences. That is, SEMs and their corresponding confidence intervals may overlap, indicating that some of the observed score difference may actually be attributable to error in measurement [1]. However, whilst the SEM is useful for estimating the degree of measurement error, it is not a suitable predictive measure as it is based on a distribution that presumes true score knowledge, which will always be unknown as tests do not have perfect reliability. As such, utilising the standard error of estimate (SEE) for such purposes may be the more appropriate method [2]. The SEE is a method which utilises a regression-based approach and measures the dispersion of predicted scores [5]. The SEE reflects the SD of true scores when the observed score is held constant, and is the statistic from which confidence intervals should be constructed [2]. The construction of confidence intervals is closely related to a test’s reliability. More reliable tests, in terms of internal consistency, represent homogeneity within the test itself. Thus, the associated confidence intervals will encompass a more narrow range of scores, with the resulting estimate being more precise [2]. It is therefore necessary to consider a test’s reliability coefficient, as below a certain point, the utility of a test is compromised [2]. Furthermore, as the reliability of a test is the single largest factor in determining the degree of change needed to occur over time from which the observed difference can be deemed to reflect actual change, using tests with high reliability coefficients is of paramount importance [6]. The consideration of measurement error in neuropsychological test results may also incorporate the assessment of observed score differences in terms of clinical significance. Clinically significant change can be interpreted on the basis of whether an individual’s change in test performance over two occasions reflects sufficient improvement, so that the individual has shifted classification categories, for example from ‘impaired’ to ‘normal’ [6]. Therefore, if a change is to be considered clinically significant, the tests being used to assess observed score differences need to be reliable. However, interpreting clinically significant change may also be problematic. Whilst there may be a considerable observed change in test scores from one measurement occasion to the next, if the starting point is at the extreme low end of a category, and the end point is at the extreme high end of a category, then an individual’s classification will not change and clinically significant improvement will not be deemed to have occurred [6]. This is a problematic interpretation as these changes may well have had important functional consequences for the individual that underwent assessment, and thus it is important to employ sensible clinical judgement [6]. Caution also needs to be applied to the interpretation of statistically reliable change, to avoid the implication that it represents real change. In reality, the observed change may instead reflect measurement error [6]. Statistically meaningful differences may also be a common occurrence within a particular population [7], but these are not necessarily clinically significant differences. Whilst neuropsychological test interpretation must consider, amongst other things, base rates of expected differences and abnormalities, the number of measures in a battery must also be taken into account, as abnormal performance on a proportion of subtests within a battery should be regarded as psychometrically normal [4]. A number of methods for calculation of reliable change have been proposed, adopted and further modified. These methods are usually given the designation of Reliable Change Index (RCI), and are used to estimate the effect of error variance on test score accuracy [6]. The value of the RCI is used to indicate the probability of the difference between two observed scores being the result of measurement error, and thus if the resulting probability is low, the difference is likely due to factors external to the test itself [1]. The notion of reliable change originated in classical test theory, with the standard error of the difference used as the criterion for determining whether an observed difference is credible under the null hypothesis of no real change [8]. However, the original, unmodified classical approach assumes that there are no practice effects. Certain subsequent variations of this approach have aimed to account for practice effects, in one of two ways. Either by a simple adaptation of the Jacobson and Truax approach (a widely used, simplified version of the classical approach, called the JT index), or via estimation of true change by using a regression equation, with the latter method being the favoured alternative in this context [8]. This regression-based approach does not require the test scores at each of the time points to have equal variance, and thus practice effects can occur [6]. There are many further approaches to calculation of RCIs, with no real consensus about which method is superior and should represent the ‘gold standard’ approach [8]. Furthermore, whilst RCI methods do have a number of advantageous features, there are still inherent limitations when considering factors such as real change that remains undetected if it falls below the RCI threshold [6]. Additionally, whilst reliable change methodology adjusted for practice effects has the potential to reduce measurement error and improve clinical judgement, it utilises a constant value the group mean – and so does not take into account the full range of possible practise effects, nor does it traditionally account for regression to the mean, so that error estimates are not proportional to the extremities of observed changes [1]. However, this methodology does at least provide a systematic and potentially empirically valid approach to assessment of real change [6]. In contrast, whil st regression methods do also have their own inherent limitations, such as greater utility in larger sample sizes, these are considered less extensive than RCI methodology [1]. The methods discussed thus far are primarily distribution-based approaches, meaning that they express observed change in a standardised format. A primary disadvantage of this type of approach is that they are purely statistical measurements which do not reveal the clinical significance of any observed change [9]. Alternative approaches include the use of reference states to estimate the minimal important difference or change, which refers to the smallest change in health quality that the patient is able to perceive and that is considered clinically relevant change [3]. However, these approaches have their own inherent limitations, with direct and subjective patient involvement in the change assessment process increasing the complexity of the measurement [3]. As the determination of an individual’s current cognitive functioning, as well as whether this functioning has improved or declined since prior assessment, is fundamental to the efficacy of clinical neuropsychology, the ability to reliably determine change via comparison of test scores is crucial [6]. However, as has been outlined above, the approaches involved in this determination are varied in their efficacy, and come with inherent limitations. As such, when considering the clinical significance of test results, a patient’s performance needs to be interpreted contextually, taking into account relevant behavioural, medical and historical information, as psychometric variability alone is not sufficient [4]. Furthermore, examination of the functional outcomes of any measured change is crucial, as this is of at least equivalent importance in determining whether improvement or decline has taken place [6]. References 1. Brooks, B.L., et al., Developments in neuropsychological assessment: Refining psychometric and clinical interpretive methods. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 2009. 50(3): p. 196. 2. Charter, R.A., Revisiting the standard errors of measurement, estimate, and prediction and their application to test scores. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1996. 82(3c): p. 1139-1144. 3. Rejas, J., A. Pardo, and M.à . Ruiz, Standard error of measurement as a valid alternative to minimally important difference for evaluating the magnitude of changes in patient-reported outcomes measures. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 2008. 61(4): p. 350-356. 4. Binder, L.M., G.L. Iverson, and B.L. Brooks, To err is human:â€Å"Abnormal† neuropsychological scores and variability are common in healthy adults. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 2009. 24(1): p. 31-46. 5. McHugh, M.L., Standard error: meaning and interpretation. Biochemia Medica, 2008. 18(1): p. 7-13. 6. Perdices, M., How do you know whether your patient is getting better (or worse)? A users guide. Brain Impairment, 2005. 6(03): p. 219-226. 7. Crawford, J.R., P.H. Garthwaite, and C.B. Gault, Estimating the percentage of the population with abnormally low scores (or abnormally large score differences) on standardized neuropsychological test batteries: a generic method with applications. Neuropsychology, 2007. 21(4): p. 419. 8. Maassen, G.H., E. Bossema, and N. Brand, Reliable change and practice effects: Outcomes of various indices compared. Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology, 2009. 31(3): p. 339-352. 9. Ostelo, R.W., et al., Interpreting change scores for pain and functional status in low back pain: towards international consensus regarding minimal important change. Spine, 2008. 33(1): p. 90-94.

The Main Types Of Social Enquiry Psychology Essay

The Main Types Of Social Enquiry Psychology Essay Research is the systematic investigation and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.Main types of social enquiry. Social Inquiry provides students with a broad overview of modern social theory and approaches, addressing themes common across disciplines in the social sciences-especially sociology, politics, economics, and anthropology. Case study A careful study of some social unit (as a corporation or division within a corporation) that attempts to determine what factors led to its success or failure, report, written report, study or a written document describing the findings of some individual or group; this accords with the recent study. Cross sectional Cross-sectional research is a research method often used in developmental psychology, but also utilized in many other areas including social science and education. This type of study utilizes different groups of people who differ in the variable of interest, but share other characteristics such as socioeconomic status, educational background, and ethnicity. For example, researchers studying developmental psychology might select groups of people who are remarkably similar in most areas, but differ only in age. By doing this, any differences between groups can presumably be attributed to age differences rather than to other variables. Longitudinal Longitudinal research is a type of research method used to discover relationships between variables that are not related to various background variables. This observational research technique involves studying the same group of individuals over an extended period of time. Data is first collected at the outset of the study, and may then be gathered repeatedly throughout the length of the study. In some cases, longitudinal studies can last several decades. 1.2 Investigate research objectives in order to contribute to, modify and improve upon theory and practice Research objectives Research objectives set the purpose and focus of your research with the fundamental questions that will be addressed. Defining your research objectives means defining what do I need to investigate and how am I going to do it? Objectives are the single most important aspect of research design and implementation. They include individual, tangible steps that will be taken in your research. Your individual steps will revolve around a wider question or problem that youve defined. Often, objectives will be based on the findings of other research taking something someone else has investigated or theorised and focusing on a specific aspect of their findings to either strengthen or challenge them. Such follow-up research involves more than repeating research thats already been done. It aims to improve the understanding of a specific topic through asking what else needs to be evidenced before the research is meaningful, or what knowledge could be garnered from a more focused investigation, or scrutiny of the existing findings Dimensions to be measured Productivity Efficiency Effectiveness Objectives are converted into hypotheses and tested. If data analysis is positive the hypothesis is accepted and the theory hold good, conversely if the data analysis is opposite to the hypothesis it is rejected and the theory is not valid. The objectives would contribute to improve our understanding of the problem investigated Since objectives are identified through academic literature review the measurement of research objectives would lead to either consolidate existing theories or would lead to modification or improvement of existing theories and therefore current practice. 1.3 systematically analyse the main research philosophies of positivism and phenomenology. Research philosophies There are two kinds of research philosophies Positivism Positivism was a result of rejection of concepts that belonged to metaphysics, for example god. As sociologists found it different to explain things as also to test and prove, they looked for other ideas. They felt a strong need for social sciences to be more objective and verifiable as science subjects. Positivism arose as an alternative to metaphysics in an attempt to describe social phenomenon leaving aside what cannot be known or is beyond the scope of social sciences. Positivists are of the view that we can analyze and draw conclusions only what we observe. What we see and can measure forms the subject matter of positivism. Two of the most influential positivists are Durkheim and Comte. Interpretivism Interpretivism arose as scientists felt that human beings were not puppets to react to stimuli in a prescribed manner. They were active and purposeful and can respond to stimuli in different ways depending upon their interpretation. Interpretivists describe human beings as having intent and the power to interpret, they say that human beings have the capability to construct their surroundings rather than being a mere spectators to what is happening around them. These scientists stressed the thinking, intentions and behaviours of human beings more than positivists thereby drawing conclusions that were more realistic and perhaps more valid also. Interpretivists talk about shared consciousness as the brain behind many of the concepts in a society. Task: 2 2.1 Examine qualitative and quantitative research methodologies. When conducting a research, it is very important to decide on the methodology depending upon focus of study. There are basically two ways to go about an analysis, qualitative analysis  and quantitative analysis. There are many who cannot differentiate between the two concepts and think of them as same which is incorrect. If analysis can be thought of as a continuum, quantitative analysis lies at one extreme and qualitative would obviously lie at the other extreme. Research is the most important tool to increase our knowledge base about things and people. There are two important methods of doing research namely quantitative and qualitative research methods. Despite some overlapping, there is a clear cut difference between quantitative and qualitative research. Quantitative research As the name implies, this type of research pertains to studying social behaviour through techniques that have computational basis. The tools in a quantitative research are mathematical in nature, and measurements form the backbone of any quantitative research. These measurements provide the basis for observation and recording of data that can be later analyzed quantitatively. Rather than being subjective, quantitative research yields data that is more or less unbiased and can be expressed in numerical terms such as percentages or statistics that is easily understandable for a layman. Researcher utilizes the results to make generalizations about a larger set of population. Qualitative research This is a kind of research that employs different ways of gathering information without making use of any scientific measurement tools. For example, the sources of information could be varied like diary accounts, surveys, and questionnaires containing open ended questions, interviews that are not structured and also such observations that are not structured. The data collected through qualitative research is not expressed in mathematical terms. It is descriptive in nature and its analysis is also harder than finding ones way through a maze of statistical tools. Case studies and ethnography seem to be perfect for utilizing qualitative research tools. Qualitative vs Quantitative Research The design of study is not ready beforehand and develops and unfolds gradually in a qualitative research while the design and structure are already present in quantitative research Data generated in quantitative research is numerically expressed in percentages and numbers while data obtained through qualitative research is in the form of text or picture Data in quantitative research is efficient but may not be able to capture the true essence of human nature and behaviour while qualitative data in words can capture the human nature in totality Results of quantitative research are quantifiable while the results of a qualitative research are subjective in nature 2.2 critically evaluate the role of the researcher. Typically the researcher is expected to: take responsibility for finding out what is expected take the initiative in raising problems or difficulties help the supervisory team to ensure consistency discuss with the supervisory team how to make guidance more effective, including disability related concerns agree, organise and attend mutually convenient meetings, contribute to their agenda and circulate work in advance undertake research training as agreed and where need is identified undertake recommended reading produce written work as agreed comply with reporting procedures and inform supervisors of the progress of your research tell supervisors about difficulties you encounter in your work arrange for informal sharing of information and practice generate your own ideas set realistic deadlines ask if he dont understand decide when to submit the thesis and ensure that it is submitted on time Ensure that the findings complies with regulations. 2.3 systematically analyse qualitative approaches covering the following terms: Descriptive, Interpretive, Ethnographic and Naturalistic studies. Description According to Emerson, Fretz, and Shaw, 1995, Giorgi, 1992, Wolcott, 1994, There is no pure looking with a naked eye, and there is no immaculate. Researchers seeking to describe an experience or event select what they will describe and, in the process of featuring certain aspects of it, begin to transform that experience or event. Although no description is free of interpretation, basic or fundamental qualitative description, as opposed to, for example, phenomenological or grounded theory description, entails a kind of interpretation that is low-inference, or likely to result in easier consensus among researchers. Even though one researcher may feature the feelings and a second researcher the events a woman reported in an interview, both researchers will likely agree that. In the case of two researchers describing ostensibly the same scene, one researcher might feature the spatial arrangement in a room, while the second researcher will feature the social interactions. But both researchers ought to agree with each others descriptions as accurate renderings of the scene. That is, with low-inference descriptions, researchers will agree more readily on the facts of the case, even if they may not feature the same facts in their descriptions. Interpretive According to the Wolcott 1994, interpretive, is the human perceptions, basic qualitative description is not highly interpretive in the sense that a researcher deliberately chooses to describe an event in terms of a conceptual, philosophical, or other highly abstract framework or system. The description in qualitative descriptive studies entails the presentation of the facts of the case in everyday language. In contrast, phenomenological, theoretical, ethnographic, or narrative descriptions re-present events in other terms. Researchers are obliged to put much more of their own interpretive spin on what they see and hear. There are certain types of phenomenological studies incline the researcher to look for, and interpret data in terms of, life world existential, such as Van Manen, 1990, claims that corporeality and temporality Such descriptions require researchers to move farther into or beyond their data as they demand not just reading words and scenes, but rather reading into, between, and over them McMahon 1996, Poirier and Ayres 1997 and Wertz 1983 analyse phenomenological study which is an excellent demonstration of the successive transformations from a participants description of an event to a researchers phenomenological description of that event. Although less interpretive than phenomenological or grounded theory description, fundamental qualitative description is more interpretive than quantitative description, which typically entails surveys or other pre-structured means to obtain a common dataset on pre-selected variables, and descriptive statistics to summarize them. Naturalistic observation Naturalistic observation is a research method commonly used by psychologists and other social scientists. This technique involves observing subjects in their natural environment. This type of research is often utilized in situations where conducting lab research is unrealistic, cost prohibitive or would unduly affect the subjects behaviour. Naturalistic observation differs from structured observation in that it involves looking at behaviour as it occurs in its natural setting with no attempts at intervention on the part of the researcher. 2.4 systematically analyse qualitative approaches including Independent observation, large samples, Development of hypotheses, Statistical analyses. Observation Qualitative observational research describes and classifies various cultural, racial and sociological groups by employing interpretive and naturalistic approaches. It is both observational and narrative in nature and relies less on the experimental elements normally associated with scientific research of reliability, validity and generalizability. Connelly and Clendenin (1990) suggest that qualitative inquiry relies more on appetency, verisimilitude and transferability. On the other hand, Lincoln and Guba (1985) emphasize the importance of credibility, transferability, dependability and conformability in qualitative studies. Large samples Any of the purposeful sampling techniques can be used in qualitative descriptive studies. Especially useful, though, is maximum variation sampling, which allows researchers to explore the common and QUALITATIVE DESCRIPTION unique manifestations of a target phenomenon across a broad range of phenomenally and demographically varied cases (Sandelowski,1995). Researchers like Trost, 1986 also choose to sample cases to represent a combination of pre-selected variables , or typical or unusual cases of a phenomenon, in order to describe it as it tends to appear or uncommonly appears. As in any qualitative study, the ultimate goal of purposeful sampling is to obtain cases deemed information-rich for the purposes of study. The obligation of researchers is to defend their sampling strategies as reasonable for their purposes. Task:3 3.1 examine the basic principle of research design with respect to objectives, plan, action, review, report. All research is different but the following factors are common to all good pieces of research. If the research aims to identify the scale of a problem or need, a more quantitative, randomised, statistical sample survey may be more appropriate. Good research can often use a combination of methodologies, which complement one another. The research should be carried out in an unbiased fashion. As far as possible the researcher should not influence the results of the research in any way. If this is likely, it needs to be addressed explicitly and systematically. From the beginning, the research should have appropriate and sufficient resources in terms of people, time, transport, money etc. allocated to it. The people conducting the research should be trained in research and research methods and this training should provide: Knowledge around appropriate information gathering techniques, An understanding of research issues, An understanding of the research area, An understanding of the issues around dealing with vulnerable social care clients and housing clients, especially regarding risk, privacy and sensitivity and the possible need for support. Those involved in designing, conducting, analysing and supervising the research should have a full understanding of the subject area. In some instances, it helps if the researcher has experience of working in the area. However, this can also be a negative factor, as sometimes research benefits from the fresh eyes and ears of an outsider, which may lead to less bias. If applicable, the information generated from the research will inform the policy-making process. All research should be ethical and not harmful in any way to the participants. Background Why is this research important? What other studies have there been in this area? How will this research add to knowledge in this area? Objectives What do you want to find out? What is the main question you wish to answer? What are the specific questions you will ask to address the main question? Are you going to do this research on your own or with others? Plan Who are you targeting in this research? How many people or case files do you intend to interview or read through? Where will the research take place? Will participants be clearly and fully informed of the purpose of the research study? How will you do this? How will participants be clear about the expectations of the researcher? Do you have an information sheet and a consent form for participants? Action It enables you to examine your own situation. It is a participatory process and allows for input from all those involved. It is collaborative. You work with colleagues and other participants to answer your research question. It allows for an ongoing process of selfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ evaluation where you appraise yourself and your own performance. It assumes that you already have a great deal of professional knowledge and can continue to develop this knowledge and improve your practice. Review A review of the literature is an essential part of your academic research. The review is a careful examination of a body of literature pointing toward the answer to your research question. Literature reviewed typically includes scholarly journals, scholarly books, authoritative databases and primary sources. Sometimes it includes newspapers and magazines. Primary sources are the origin of information under study, fundamental documents relating to a particular subject or idea. Often they are firsthand accounts written by a witness or researcher at the time of an event or discovery. Secondary sources are documents or recordings that relate to or discuss information originally presented elsewhere. These, too, may be accessible as physical objects or electronically in databases or on the Internet. Report Draft the report from your detailed plan. Do not worry too much about the final form and language, but rather on presenting the ideas Coherently and logically. Redraft and edit. Check that sections contain the required information and use suitable headings, Check ideas flow in a logical order and remove any unnecessary information. Write in an academic style and tone. Use a formal objective style. Generally avoid personal pronouns; however, some reports based on your own field 3.2 critically evaluate the success of both qualitative and quantitative research projects using relative literature. Quantitative Research Quantitative Research options have been predetermined and a large number of respondents are involved. By definition, measurement must be objective, quantitative and statistically valid. Simply put, its about numbers, objective hard data. The sample size for a survey is calculated by statisticians using formulas to determine how large a sample size will be needed from a given population in order to achieve findings with an acceptable degree of accuracy. Generally, researchers seek sample sizes which yield findings with at least a 95% confidence interval (which means that if you repeat the survey 100 times, 95 times out of a hundred, you would get the same response), plus/minus a margin error of 5 percentage points. Many surveys are designed to produce a smaller margin of error. Qualitative Research Qualitative Research is collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data by observing what people do and say. Whereas, quantitative research refers to counts and measures of things, qualitative research refers to the meanings, concepts, definitions, characteristics, metaphors, symbols, and descriptions of things. Qualitative research is much more subjective than quantitative research and uses very different methods of collecting information, mainly individual, in-depth interviews and focus groups. The nature of this type of research is exploratory and open-ended. Small numbers of people are interviewed in-depth and/or a relatively small number of focus groups are conducted. Participants are asked to respond to general questions and the interviewer or group moderator probes and explores their responses to identify and define peoples perceptions, opinions and feelings about the topic or idea being discussed and to determine the degree of agreement that exists in the group. The quality of the finding from qualitative research is directly dependent upon the skills, experience and sensitive of the interviewer or group moderator. This type of research is often less costly than surveys and is extremely effective in acquiring information about peoples communications needs and their responses to and views about specific communications. Basically, quantitative research is objective; qualitative is subjective. Quantitative research seeks explanatory laws; qualitative research aims at in-depth description. Qualitative research measures what it assumes to be a static reality in hopes of developing universal laws. Qualitative research is an exploration of what is assumed to be a dynamic reality. It does not claim that what is discovered in the process is universal, and thus, replicable. Common differences usually cited between these types of research include. Task:4 4.1 define a research problem or issue by analysing current literature and management practice. Research problem It is one of the first statements made in any research paper and, as well as defining the research area, should include a quick synopsis of how the hypothesis was arrived at. This will lead to the proposal of a viable hypothesis. As an aside, when scientists are putting forward proposals for research funds, the quality of their research problem often makes the difference between success and failure. Defining a Research Problem Lack of force that drives the people to behave the way they do and they behave even in hardship. Qualitative research designs use inductive reasoning to propose a research problem.Reasoning Cycle Scientific Research This is called the conceptual definition, and is an overall view of the problem. Lack of motivation is like measuring abstract concepts, such as intelligence, emotions, and subjective responses, and then a system of measuring numerically needs to be established, allowing statistical analysis and replication. For example, motivation may be measured with a questionnaire from strongly disagree disagree dont know agree strongly agree 4.2 Examine the background and content of the research Early explanations of motivation focused on instincts. Psychologists writing in the late 19th and early twentieth century suggested that human beings were basically programmed to behave in certain ways, depending upon the behavioural cues to which they were exposed. Sigmund Freud, for example, argued that the most powerful determinants of individual behaviour were those of which the individual was not consciously aware. According to Motivation and Leadership at Work (Steers, Porter, and Bigley, 1996), in the early twentieth century researchers began to examine other possible explanations for differences in individual motivation. Some researchers focused on internal drives as an explanation for motivated behaviour. Others studied the effect of learning and how individuals base current behaviour on the consequences of past behaviour. Still others examined the influence of individuals cognitive processes, such as the beliefs they have about future events. Over time, these major theoretical streams of research in motivation were classified into two major schools: the content theories of motivation and the process theories of motivation. 4.3 Develop research questions to elicit facts, information, gaps in knowledge, and dichotomies in management processes and practices. Research questions and hypotheses narrow the purpose statement and become major signposts for readers. Qualitative researchers ask at least one central question and several sub questions. They begin the questions with words such as how or what and use exploratory verbs, such as explore or describe. They pose broad, general questions to allow the participants to explain their ideas. They also focus initially on one central phenomenon of interest. The questions may also mention the participants and the site for the research. 1. Determine if a mixed methods study is needed to study the problem 2. Consider whether a mixed methods study is feasible 3. Write both qualitative and quantitative research questions 4. Review and decide on the types of data collection 5. Assess the relative weight and implementation strategy for each method 6. Present a visual model 7. Determine how the data will be analyzed 8. Assess the criteria for evaluating the study 9. Develop a plan for the study I encourage mixed methods researchers to construct separate mixed methods questions in their studies. This question might be written to emphasize the procedures or the content of the study, and it might be placed at different points. By writing this question, the researcher conveys the importance of integrating or combining the quantitative and qualitative elements. Several models exist for writing mixed methods questions into studies: writing only quantitative questions or hypotheses and qualitative questions, or writing both quantitative questions or hypotheses and qualitative questions followed by a mixed methods question, or writing only a mixed methods question. 4.4 critically evaluate the project plan from the following perspectives: ethical, social, legal, stakeholders. Ethical and Legal When most people think of ethics (or morals), they think of rules for distinguishing between right and wrong, such as the Golden Rule (Do unto others as you would have them do unto you). This is the most common way of defining ethics for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behaviour. Even conducting our research we have to look into following ethical aspects: Honesty Objectivity Integrity Carefulness Openness Respect for Intellectual Property Confidentiality Responsible Publication Responsible Mentoring Respect for colleagues Social Responsibility Non-Discrimination Competence Legality Animal Care Human Subjects Protection Task: 5 Critically evaluate what implications previous research into the topic chosen have for the research proposal. Implications in research of motivation at work Following can be expected as implications in research of motivation at work. Lack of secondary data Some secondary data is limited and insufficient. Sometimes, external parties dont like to give their real idea about regarding their motivation. Draw backs in primary data collection It is very difficult. Because, all data not already available. Some data related people feels, attitudes or opinion. And next important fact is both of primary data have qualitative and quantitative behaviour. Both of data is dependents on peoples opinion. Time constraints Students have very limited time in their academic career and this research should conduct simultaneously with other learning activities. Therefore, It is difficult to handle all learning and research activities under limited time management. Financial constraints Due to cost involved mainly with the process of data collection, limited number of sources and the small size of sample area can cause biased findings which may mislead the results. 5.2 systematically analyse literature relevant to the content of the proposal. Great scholars Gardner Lambert, 1972 proposed that motivation is influenced by two orientations to language learning. An integrative orientation is typical of someone who identifies with and values the target language and community, and who approaches language study with the intention of entering that community. Such an individual is thought to have an internal, more enduring motivation for language study. Instrumentally motivated learners, on the other hand, are more likely to see language learning as enabling them to do other useful things, but as having no special significance in itself. Such learners will be motivated if they see language learning as having beneficial career prospects or something that will enable them to use transactional language with speakers of the foreign language. A second problem he argues is whether the integrative/instrumental conceptualization captures the full spectrum of student motivation. It may be that, for a given population of second language students, there are reasons for language learning that are unrelated to either of the two motivational orientations. I agree with Ely that it is not always easy to tell one from the other. For example, there are students who dont like to study, but they have to, because they have pressure from their parents, peers, teachers, and so forth. This is also a type of motivation which cant belong to either of the two motivational orientations. 5.3 Make conclusions regarding different approaches to and outcomes of research. Lack of motivation to learn is very striking thing in almost all of the schools in Japan. I believe some of the schools in other countries also face the same problem. One of the things I found through this literature review is that if we, as teachers, cant motivate students to learn directly, we should look at different ways to try to motivate them indirectly. For example, we should encourage them to be autonomous learner, increase their confidence, and try to get rid of anxiety they have in learning. That will lead to great motivation eventually, and thus lead to success in learning. One of the strategies we can use is need analysis. We must find out which aspects of L2 learning are personally valuable to students and must design tasks that support those aspects. For example, if students will go abroad, they will need to communicate with people in English, s

EVALUATING NORTH AMERICAN HEALTH SYSTEMS Essay -- essays research pape

INTRODUCTION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Compensating the affairs of economic efficiency with the demands of sociopolitical rights is a constant source of tension in Canada and the United States alike. In no other element is this tension more apparent than in the group of complex markets we call the health care system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Canadians have been fortunate enough to receive a universal health care system for nearly forty years. This is a single-payer system funded by the governments, both provincial and federal, but at what costs? Is health care not unlike any other commodity, or is it the privilege of every citizen? Health care has elements of common economic behavior, however, there are also certain social values associated with it. It is this struggle of defining what health care is that causes such anxiety among economists. The Canadian health care system is slowly crippling the economy, and reforms must be devised to preserve the pride of Canada; our health care system itself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The pluralistic health care scheme of the United States, as well, has serious socioeconomic implications, and American policy makers are looking toward the model of the Canadian system for answers. Both the United States and Canada must reform health care policy, but to what extent? Obviously these questions cannot necessarily yield clear, concise answers, however they will provide insight into analyzing the current and proposed systems of health care.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Certainly if Canada is to maintain a high standard of care it must adopt an economically efficient, revenue generating system. Moreover the United States must adopt the single-payer system of Canada while still retaining a strong revenue base. This paper will discuss the strengths and shortcomings of the Canadian health care system, and how health care is a sociopolitical enigma. Furthermore, how the single-payer system is the only realistic response to the growing inadequacies within the American socioeconomic status. CANADIAN HEALTH CARE STRUCTURE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Serving as a general background in its appraisal, it is necessary to outline the history and the ambient factors of the Canada health care that is so sought after by the United States. The Canadian health-insurance program, called Medicare, is administered by provincial ... ... and this tension is prevalent in the health care system. A basic economic concern is whether health care is like any other commodity. The health care industry can be analyzed with economic frames of reference: wealth, risk aversion, efficient transfers, and utility. However, there are certain symbolic elements of health care that cannot be easily measured. Cultures have fundamental beliefs that encompass the valuation of life and health. Bearing this in mind, it would only seem realistic that there is some sort of right to health care.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nowhere in the American Constitution is it stated that an individual has the right to some basic set of health care services, however, there are certain undefined responsibilities the government has. It can be argued that the Declaration of Independence supports the right for each and every citizen to have the basic care needed to sustain life so as to exercise one’s liberty and to allow the pursuit of happiness. It has been argued that there is a common-law right to equal services, a right of equal access to basic services: such as drinking water. Furthermore this right extends to all citizens and is beyond the reac

Petty Lawsuits :: essays research papers

Are we Sueing for a Purpose? People today are not sueing to rectify matters. There is no purpose in lawsuits today. I believe everyone is out to get an easy buck through the judicial system. It is almost inevitable if people spill hot coffee on themselves that they will win a lawsuit against the company that served them that coffee. People believe that nothing is their fault and that someone (the defendant) should pay. The problem with the judicial system today is that people are sueing all the time and winning in court with ridiculous cases. Take this case in North Carolina for instance. A Dallas couple is sueing Kmart for $23 million dollars because some Kmart employees harassed and accused the Dallas couple of going through their garbage. The employees were fired and the Dallas couple sued for $23 million. Fortunately the couple didn’t receive all that money, there is a state law capping punitive damages which forced the judge to reduce it to $250 thousand dollars. The plaintiffs feel that they have been mistreated and that Kmart should reconcile with them by paying them off. The couple states at the end of court that â€Å"they believe us. That the most important thing, they believe us.† Obviously that is not the most important thing to them for they are trying to appeal the state law which caps their $23 million. And if that’s not greedy enough, the week before the jury awarded them $18,985 in compensatory damages. So the couple was awarded $268,985 for being accused over something as petty as going through a stores trash. Anyone can differentiate one fraudulent case from another. I understand that the Dallas couple is trying to clear their name from shame. But trying to appeal the already huge sum of money and going for more shows just how greedy these people really are. They got what they wanted, for the people to believe them. Everyone believes them now, and on top of that, they were awarded a nice some of money. There are people out there who really do deserve some kind of compensation for negligence, harassment, or anything else that might have gone wrong. For example, a Gastonia man who already has enough appeal to pity has yet another problem to deal with. He is a paraplegic who awoke to find a rat eating at his leg to the bone.

The Life and Death of Ernest Hemingway :: Biography Biographies Essays

The Life and Death of Hemingway In novels or other literary works many authors write about things they dream about. Many write about what stories they have heard from fellow companions. None have written about such vivid, yet traumatic experiences as the twentieth century writer, Ernest Hemingway. That is why Hemingway's tend to concur to his real life experiences. To start, consider that he was raised in an extremely strict household. He was born and raised in Oak Park, Illinois. He had an equitably happy, upper middle class childhood. As he grew older he started having feelings of bitterness towards his parents, mainly his mother who was seen as selfish and magisterial by Hemingway. When he was in his teens he became interested in literature. He wrote stories for his high school newspaper and subscribed poems and stories to the school magazine. When he graduated in 1917 he took a junior reporter position on the "Kansas City Star", writing feature stories. In his journalism he began to show interest in powerful yet objective writings of violence, despair, and emotional disturbance, which dominated his writings. He also participated in World War I, which greatly impacted his writing, as a Red Cross ambulance driver in Italy. He was wounded in both legs by a shrapnel explosion. He fell in love with the nurse that was caring for him, who left him not long after for an older man. He returned to Oak Park, and also upper Michigan to write about his childhood, teenage, and wartime years. In 1921 he married Hadley Richardson, divorced March 10, 1927, he moved to Paris to further his writing career. Here he quit journalism as a result of his maturing as a distinguished writer. From the maturity he had accomplished he was able to write over twenty-five books. He eventually returned to journalism to support himself. He was recognized as a major force in literature when he wrote A Farewell to Arms, One of the first novels in Hemingway's literary career. His first publication was Three Stories and Ten Poems, which didn't turn out to be a big success. But his most acclaimed novella, The Old Man and the Sea, which won him the Pulitzer Prize, tends to stand out overall.

The Chrysanthemums’s Character Analysis: Elisa Allen

Tran, Hillary John Steinbeck, â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† Character Analysis: Elisa Allen Elisa Allen is first portrayed as a woman who can take on any job as well as any man but in the end, becomes a woman of submissive femininity. The plot revolves around her journey of realization and conversion to femininity, which conclusively, labels her as a dynamic protagonist. She works in a garden and farms and cultivates just as well as a man and never fails to amaze her husband of her skills.The story starts with her husband asking her to go into town for a nice dinner date night after he goes into the hills with their sun to look for some steers. As her husband goes off with the son, a stranger comes along their ranch and seeks for directions, as he is lost. His wagon cover reveals that he is a repairman for scissors, pans, and all other sorts of tools. He strikes a conversation and seems to be extremely interested in Elisa.However, there is slight tension within their conversation because it is obvious that he is looking for work to feed himself for the night, but she does not want to give in to his marketing scheme. He advertises that he can make any old tool or pan look brand new and it will be of an advantage to Ms. Allen; it is not until he asks for her chrysanthemums as a gift to an old lady friend down the road that Elisa begin to loosen up. Flattered by his praise to her planting work and feeling as if she should owe him something, Elisa digs out some old aluminum stove pots for him to fix.As he is repairing them, she asks him about life on the road and shows that she would love to live like a man despite his comments that it is dangerous for a woman to live like him. She pays him fifty cents and jokes that he might be coming along some new competition on the road because she too, can ring out the dents of any pots and sharpen scissors better than anyone else out there. They say their farewells and Elisa begins to get ready for dinner. She showers and glams up herself for night and her husband compliments her from looking â€Å"nice† to looking â€Å"strong†.She questions when he first says nice because she would rather look strong, as she prefers to be portrayed. This marks her transition from a masculine woman to a woman of femininity. Later, as they ride into town, Elisa asks her husband about the entertainment fights, that do women participate and go watch as well. He answers yes they do and asks if she would like to go although he knows she probably will not enjoy it. She replies no and turns up her collar to weep silently â€Å"like an old woman†.Her weeping symbolizes the end of her transition from a masculine dominant woman to a submissive female. Her transition seems to come from society rejection of the idea that woman are just as good as males. The society of Steinbeck’s story portrays women as not being able to take care of themselves – that they need a man to protect and do hard wor k for them. Ms. Allen knows that she can do work just as well as a man but she is continuously stricken down and discouraged by the comments from her husband and the repairman.She feels that even though she has the skills to prove, she will never be seen as equal to a man because of her gender. She may be a strong woman, but she is not strong enough to rise against society. She can well prove herself to the world that woman can be just like men by riding around in a wagon by herself or participating in a fight, but her chances of proving herself are slimmer than her chances of being taunted and picked on by other males. This realization, is the motor behind her stepping down from an independent female to a submissive old woman. The Chrysanthemums’s Character Analysis: Elisa Allen Tran, Hillary John Steinbeck, â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† Character Analysis: Elisa Allen Elisa Allen is first portrayed as a woman who can take on any job as well as any man but in the end, becomes a woman of submissive femininity. The plot revolves around her journey of realization and conversion to femininity, which conclusively, labels her as a dynamic protagonist. She works in a garden and farms and cultivates just as well as a man and never fails to amaze her husband of her skills.The story starts with her husband asking her to go into town for a nice dinner date night after he goes into the hills with their sun to look for some steers. As her husband goes off with the son, a stranger comes along their ranch and seeks for directions, as he is lost. His wagon cover reveals that he is a repairman for scissors, pans, and all other sorts of tools. He strikes a conversation and seems to be extremely interested in Elisa.However, there is slight tension within their conversation because it is obvious that he is looking for work to feed himself for the night, but she does not want to give in to his marketing scheme. He advertises that he can make any old tool or pan look brand new and it will be of an advantage to Ms. Allen; it is not until he asks for her chrysanthemums as a gift to an old lady friend down the road that Elisa begin to loosen up. Flattered by his praise to her planting work and feeling as if she should owe him something, Elisa digs out some old aluminum stove pots for him to fix.As he is repairing them, she asks him about life on the road and shows that she would love to live like a man despite his comments that it is dangerous for a woman to live like him. She pays him fifty cents and jokes that he might be coming along some new competition on the road because she too, can ring out the dents of any pots and sharpen scissors better than anyone else out there. They say their farewells and Elisa begins to get ready for dinner. She showers and glams up herself for night and her husband compliments her from looking â€Å"nice† to looking â€Å"strong†.She questions when he first says nice because she would rather look strong, as she prefers to be portrayed. This marks her transition from a masculine woman to a woman of femininity. Later, as they ride into town, Elisa asks her husband about the entertainment fights, that do women participate and go watch as well. He answers yes they do and asks if she would like to go although he knows she probably will not enjoy it. She replies no and turns up her collar to weep silently â€Å"like an old woman†.Her weeping symbolizes the end of her transition from a masculine dominant woman to a submissive female. Her transition seems to come from society rejection of the idea that woman are just as good as males. The society of Steinbeck’s story portrays women as not being able to take care of themselves – that they need a man to protect and do hard wor k for them. Ms. Allen knows that she can do work just as well as a man but she is continuously stricken down and discouraged by the comments from her husband and the repairman.She feels that even though she has the skills to prove, she will never be seen as equal to a man because of her gender. She may be a strong woman, but she is not strong enough to rise against society. She can well prove herself to the world that woman can be just like men by riding around in a wagon by herself or participating in a fight, but her chances of proving herself are slimmer than her chances of being taunted and picked on by other males. This realization, is the motor behind her stepping down from an independent female to a submissive old woman.

Sociological Perspective on Religion

Sociological Perspectives on pietism During this semester I cave in learned that in essence, free bequeath does non gear our decision fashioning process, it is in the main parlia humannesspowertary procedure that influences e solid last(predicate) thoughts and bearings in turn, impacting comp permitely aspects of our feel. The evolutionary companionableization process initiates at the moment of conception, in our gets womb, by and through childhood, carries on during adulthood and ends in our graves. The some historic and influential federal agent of socialization is the family.On a worldwide perspective, the primary teachers, our p bents, educate us on language, smells, physical control, nurtures and obligingized behavior for public conduct. The greatest belief in gloss overed is that of divinity and rowing trigger of a sacred belief. According to the Sociology schoolbook book, godliness is defined as a social institution involving beliefs and practice s based on recognizing the sacred. Ethic every(prenominal)y, it encompasses what we define to be good or bad. In this paper I go a counseling further examine faith on a global perspective from previously conducted social research and just how important a berth it plays in our outlasts.Religion has been used to celebrate life at birth, adulthood, mourning of oddment and politics. According to Emile Durkheim (1965, orig. 1915) in his structural functional approach, rescript on its own, beyond the life of any individual, has life and power. When practicing religion the power of this society is celebrated. He found that inside this society concourse take c arek to find social cohesion, social control, meaning and purpose. Symbols, values and norms are what crop a religion. Since divinity fudge is considered to be the shaper and symbol of perfection, ghostly fanatics fear his judgment.In the United States approximately 85% of adults happen upon themselves with near type of religion. God purify America, is widely used by politicians to do by our batch and demonstrate they believe the high power is non them just, God. That they cannot lead with place the tenderness of God. In the past 2008 election many questi angiotensin-converting enzymed Barack Obamas trustfulness because his father was natural(p) Muslim and then became atheist while, his m otherwise was never genuinely active in a religious organization. Therefore, Obama was raised to be skeptic well-nigh religion and showed no true inclination, causing a mount of criticism during the campaign.People want to make up who shares the aforementi aced(prenominal) values as themselves. construction a simple phrase as God Bless America convinces them that their political leaders views and ruling will be geared under what religion foreign as ethic eithery correct. When I enjoin ethically right, the geographical location of religion must be taken into particular because social interlock ing tends to plagiarize collect to the occurrence that all religions dont support or share the same ideas. For example, in the pith East there are claims that God is behind the actions we in the United States consider to be unholy such as, the terrorist attack of 9/11.This is one of the differences in religion that affected our society in the U. S. and has provoked violence and struggle. personnel inside the United States towards people that appeared of Middle Eastern decent and declared war against terror in the middle east. Religion shapes society and is considered to be socially constructed. With heaven-sent be the inspiration, people differentiate the usual and extraordinary with in rituals such as, holidays and prayer. In theory, religion plays a major agency in behavior, conglutination, union and social difference.For example, marriages through religion beat lower bewilder apart rates than those arranged outside of religion. Couples are planning a divorce befo re lot getting married by making prenuptial arrangements. Although, pick out may very well be present in these marriages, they are tranquil thinking closely themselves individually and protecting against later implications. I was in a relationship for half dozen eld and within those years we conceived to the deuce precious, Xavier and Joshua. If I wouldve been married through religion, the possibilities of my being a single parent directly would be close to none.Religion gives marriage a greater value instead than the usual base of go to sleep. At one drive we attempted to seek pleader and maked a referral to a pastor who geared the entire session on compliance with divinity, plan of marriage and sensation of family under his religion. In NRSV Corinthians 134-8, 13, capital of Minnesota described the meaning of true applaud as follows adore is patient love is kind love is not wishful or boastful or controlling or rude. It does not insist on its own demeanor it is n ot testy or resentful it does not jump for joy in wrongdoing, but rejoices in the truth.It bears all things, believes all things, hopes all things, endures all things. Love never ends. But as for prophecies, they will come to an end as for tongues, they will cease as for knowledge, it will come to an end And now faith, hope and love abide, these three and the greatest of these is love. (NSRV, 1 Corinthians 134-8, 13) If we were to follow this definition of love, we wouldnt be projecting our fears as individuals instead expression a base for both as a whole. In this instance, my relationship would still be present as many others.Based on this and Emile Durkheims sociological findings religion focuses on uniting societies. You see that a person is justified by what he does and not by faith alone. (James 224) Surp goly, another social conflict within religion is due to inequality. fond order as Karl Marx points is justified by religion. He addresses capitalism as the gray-haired vocaliseing rich get richer and short(p) get lamentableer. Especially, in todays economy we find the unemployment rate rising at a unwavering stride resulting in homeless and hungry people. racism also went hand in hand with religion in social inequality since the ordinal century due to ethnocentrism.It was largely believed the white dominated over people of color. They were to be kept genuine and not integrate other races even within religion, employment and their entire society. In this belief was also the premonition that God was in accordance with white superiority, or at least this was the excuse, causing the creation of natural colonialism. Therefore, my brothers, be all the to a greater extent glowing to make your calling and election sure. For if you do these things, you will never fall, and you will receive a rich welcome into the thoroughgoing(a) kingdom of our captain and Savior the Nazarene Christ. (2 Peter 110-11)Whites remained together, keeping all othe r races inferior and living in poverty. On the other hand during nineteenth century many religious groups worked against inequality and stood up for the abolishment of slavery during the civil rights movement. As stated in the Sociology textbook book Male Orthodox Jews say the following prayer everyday bless art thou, O Lord our God, pouf of the Universe, that I was not born a gentile. Blessed art thou, O Lord our God, King of the Universe, that I was not born a slave. Blessed art thou, O Lord our God, King of the Universe, that I was not born a fair sex. Another unionize of inequality within religion is through gender. Subordination of women has come along throughout history in modern today. Although, we have come a long way inequality still exists. For example, in poor countries such as Africa and Southern Asia polygamy is practised where it is legal for men to marry more than two women. Also, in Tibet a form of polygamy named polyandry is also practiced where two men can sh are one cleaning lady. In other areas there are still ideas that keep woman from jobs. These women go about their lives marrying, having many children and live in poverty. A manis the image and glory of God but woman is the glory man. For man was not made from woman, but woman from man. Neither was man created for woman, but woman for man. (1 Corinthians 117-9) As in all the churches of the saints, the women should keep silence in the churches. For they are not permitted to speak, but should be subordinate, as even the law says. If there is anything they rely to know, let them ask their husbands at home. For it is dark for a woman to speak in church. (1 Corinthians 1433-35) Wives, be subject to your husbands, as to the Lord.For the husband is the head of the wife as Christ is the head of the church. As the church is subject to Christ, so let wives also be subject in everything to their husbands. (Ephesians 522-24) From a Christian point of view women were sought to be a source of temptation due to the fact that Eve was to blame for Adams fall, it was because of her that despicable came about into the world. On the other hand once again religious groups sought to fight for equality by supporting feminism and gay rights during the sixties and 1970s. Religion has caused great social change. In time of need or complaint everyone seeks for enlightenment within religion.Max weber and his colleague Ernst Troeltsch studied precisely Calvinism, a protestant reformation movement. Calvinists believe some are selected by God to be saved and others to be damned. They then looked for signs of divine blessing and worked very hard to sire great wealth. With this wealth they would reinvest profits resulting in the fulfillment of their calling. This Weber and Troeltsch found as the cause in rise of industrial capitalism. The poor were considered rejects of God. Throughout history Christianity has reached out to people suffering in cartel of a better life in faith.Libe rating people from oppression, poverty and promotion of greater equality is their purpose. Ironically in most recent years there have been a rising number of cases report on sexual abuse by Christian priests. The Christian church claims problems arise in our society due to the ignorance in God. Families seek refuge and divinity within their churches and find the cruel reality that evil exists there. Many changes are going about with regards to religion. People are adopting other religious organizations rather than the ones instilled from childhood. Also, as technology holds to advance secularization arise.secularization is the decline in importance and value of the sacred and supernatural. In times of despondency we now seek answers and depend on physicians. As we see change in religion we find it more questionable. outright spiritual seekers in the New days movement, look into conventional religious organizations. modernization has taken on a bleak twist in religion and the w ay we view it. With is the desire to continue conserving our real identity is rarely exactly maintained. In the following passage William Ernest Henley writes about natural individualism and how capable we are to finalize our lives Out of the night that covers me,Black as the Pit from pole to pole, I thank whatever gods may be For my immovable soul. In the fell clutch of circumstance I have not winced nor cried aloud. nether the bludgeoning of chance My head is bloody, but unbowed. beyond this place of wrath and tears Looms but the Horror of the shade, And yet the menace of the years Finds, and shall find, me unafraid. It matters not how strait the gate, How charged with punishments the scroll, I am the master of my fate I am the captain of my soul. Today we live in a world where terrorism, wars, death and torture of innocent are to no surprise.Every day you turn on the news there are children missing, parents killing and mistreating each other and their family. In this society everyone is running at a fast pace with a cold heart, committing self-centered acts of corruption, leading abusive relationships, violence, hatred, sexual perversion, etc.. serviceman are part of this society and continue responding to and redirecting their social interaction and context. The sad part of it all is that society has created all this and that religion has played a major role in directing everyones sense impression of self.Works Cited Society. J. Macionis, Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, 10th edition, 2009. Exploring spectral Meaning. Robert C. Monk. Walter C. Hofheinz. Kenneth T. Lawrence. Joseph D. Stamey. Bert Affleck. Tetsunao Yamamori, Upper Saddle River, NJPrentice-Hall, sixth edition, 2003 Sociology of religion. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 7 Nov 2009, 2359 UTC. 18 Nov 2009 . William Ernest Hensley, Invictus,Poems( New York Scribner, 1919), p. 119 Sociological Perspectives on Religion