Emergence of Religion following the Dark Ages

Emergence of Religion following the Dark Ages During the time period of 400-1000 A.D. also widely recognized as the Middle Ages (Dark Ages). The fall of the Roman Empire derived from its infestation of dishonesty, corruption, and horror. The growth of Christianity stemmed and spread like wildfire after 476 A.D. the official fall of the Roman Empire. (Henley Hergenhahn) Immediately people began to yearned and turn to Christian religious beliefs. As Christianity practice continued to be established, the claws of the church dogma did not take every longer to appear. The Christian church stood firm on the idea that religion and science could not be combined like water and oil. The church enforced their rules in a clever way and continued to build their strong foundation. Well known historical individuals in this time period are a significant key component in the continual growth of Christianity. The ministry of Jesus was a life guide for many people during this time. Individuals that seek divine intervention will be able to distinguish between right and wrong through God alone. (Miller, J. W. (2004) He brought hope to humanity and shed light on the choices that people have. Jesus to this day is known worldwide for his ministry and his influence in the Christian church. From that moment the gates of Christian belief swung wide open, and others began to experience God on a personal level. The most unexpected person in history became an essential instrument in the expansion of Christianity through his close encounter with God. Saul also known as St. Paul was a man formerly responsible for persecuting Christians, before his life transformation. His rebirth took place on the day that Gods glory was bestowed upon his life, and was privileged enough to be given a whole new name. (Simonson, P. (2003).ÂÂ   Not many well-known people have the honor to start a new beginning with a fresh new identity. From that life changing moment more than just his name changed. He could not contain himself from exalting and proclaiming the name of God. Paul became a new creation, and continued the work of many others that came before him. Eagerly and fervently he spread the Christian belief to everyone he encountered. However, it wasnt until Constantine endorsed Christianity as a religion that it became effective within the Roman Empire. He became afflicted and frightened by the size of the enemys army, but an unanticipated revelation gave him strength to pursue forward. As a result of the glorious revelation given to him a symbol was marked on their army shields. (McGrath,. (2006). It was a demonstration of hope, and a mere representation of the power of God that in the end delivered them. Constantine became convinced of the heavenly power that existed after his remarkable and triumphant win. It impacted him so much that above all other religions present at the time he chose to believe in Christianity. From that day forth a new chapter in history was created that would change science forever. Throughout history as time continued a man known as Augustine emerged into the Christian belief cycle. He emphasized and continued to help fortify the Christian belief of choosing between right and wrong (Talbert, E. L. (1938). Augustine took after the teaching of Jesus and in the same way believed that all individuals have been openhandedly given free will. As the legacy of the Christianity grew larger over time the magnitude of its power could not be ignored. People had a choice to make follow and believe the church and its practices, or face severe punishment. (Henley Hergenhahn) The church did not take kindly to members of society that expressed any degree of resistance toward there standards. Over time the church ignored the opportunity to advance and foster the growth of science. There leverage on society tarnished and prohibited any degree of criticism. (Henley Thorne (2005). For the most part of the Middle Ages (Dark Ages) science was lost and remained stagnant. In the eyes of the church science was unholy and corrupting humanity. Unknowingly, Christianity was at a loss early literature vanished during this time in areas that Church dogma prevailed. Meanwhile literature was found to flourish in the distant territory that belonged to Muslims. (Henley Thorne (2005). Muslims embraced the knowledge and creativity that led them to discover and grow as a society. Christians in the church became infuriated by the speedy advancements that the Muslims accomplished. Unable to sit back and watch the eight crusades were sent to attack the Muslims, in order to prove the supremacy of the church. (Henley Thorne (2005).ÂÂ   Regardless of Christianitys attempt to shut down the Muslims, the seed of knowledge and curiosity had already been planted. Muslims embarked on a journey filled of discoveries that were too grand to be kept under a bushel. The advancements they made instantly took off and cultivated the development of topics like: arithmetic, medicine and even science. (Hossain, K. I. (2013). Proficiency and knowledge rapidly grew in the area of the study of science. Proof of this occurring in history can be found through the accomplishments of the well-known doctor of medicine Avicenna. He is recognized as the finest medical doctor within that time period. (Heath, P. (1992). The title given to him was not an overstatement; Avicenna prepared the way for future medical innovations. He didnt simply just hold all of his knowledge to himself or believe that his title as a medical doctor was enough. Avicenna developed a sense of courage and wrote The Cannon, center around his medical findings. (Heath, P. (1992) He gave the development of science a gift that would change the world. Science becomes credible through an individuals ability to retest and arrive at the same conclusion. Ibn Al-Haytham introduced a new concept that would make ideas created to be more credible. He used the scientific method that is now widely known, and applied in research of today. (Heath, P. (1992).ÂÂ   Historical data written on Ibn Al-Haytham recognize him to be an actual scientist. All the work he did was cautiously crafted and tested in order to refrain from making unnecessary mistakes. Above all efforts on behalf of the Christian Church, the discoveries and progress made by Muslims could not be tamed. The Christian church once again got the opportunity of a lifetime to get a hold of the early literature and discoveries. However time and time again they became undeceive of how to react and implement the ideas within the church beliefs. (McGrath,. (2006). The church found the necessity to make appropriate modifications to philosophy in order to remove its un-holiness. The Churches ultimate goal was to maintain their stance that revolved around power above all other beliefs. As opposed to Muslims who had the desire and intelligence that unleashed science and criticism once again. It wasnt until Thomas Aquinas tested the Christian church that gave way for a new era to be created and soon rise up. He analyzed all angles that involved faith and science based on the concept of logic.( Hergenhahn, Henley (2014)ÂÂ   Unlike other Christians Aquinas viewed the ideas of faith and science differently. After all his investigation he came to the conclusion that science and faith have the ability to be observed independently.( Hergenhahn, Henley (2014)ÂÂ   Challenging the set church views caused turmoil, but proved that there is possibility Christianity had it wrong all along. Although Aquinas challenged the church, the meaning of faith was not diminished. The ideas of Aquinas created a critical moment in history for the Christian church. However, it took the works of William of Occam to change and end the powerful supremacy of the Christian church ( Hergenhahn, Henley (2014). William of Occam didnt discredit the work of Aquinas rather he recognized it to be accurate. The realm of precision in understanding all the different information can only originate from an individuals sensory experienceÂÂ   (Hergenhahn, Henley (2014) The idea of logic is more than just a thought process it is an essential instrument in better understanding the world. At last, science could continue to thrive outside of the parameters of the church. All of the scientific changes that occurred throughout the Middle Ages (Dark Ages) gave way from the development of psychology today. Reading about the remarkable scientific journey of history, leaves society with anticipation to see it continually grow for future generations to come. Nowadays, certain religious denominations have slightly been modified their beliefs but attempted to maintain their original faith. Regardless of all the historical turning points, its helped pave the way for us to currently have the separation of church and state. It is the possibility for an individual to be both a religious person, and a scientist that permits the growth of psychology. References McGrath, J. C. (2006). Post-traumatic growth and the origins of early Christianity. Mental Health, Religion Culture, 9(3), 291-306. doi:10.1080/13694670600615532 Hergenhahn, B. R., Henley, T. B. (2014). An introduction to the history of psychology. California: Wadsworth. Miller, J. W. (2004). Jesus: A Psychological and Historical Portrait. In J. H. Ellens, W. G. Rollins, J. H. Ellens, W. G. Rollins (Eds.) , Psychology and the Bible: A new way to read the scriptures, Vol 4, From Christ to Jesus (pp. 71-88). Westport, CT, US: Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing Group. Bosanquet, B. (1892). Alexandrian and Greco-Roman culture to the reign of Constantine the Great. In , A history of aesthetic (pp. 77-119). New York, NY, US: Swan Sonnenschein Co. doi:10.1037/10826-005 Cook, W. S. (2012). Saint augustine and the spread of christianity. Western Journal of Black Studies, 36(3), 220-227. Retrieved from http://summit.csuci.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.summit.csuci.edu:2048/docview/1346355387?accountid=7284 Henley, T. B., Thorne, B. M. (2005). The Lost Millennium: Psychology During the Middle Ages. The Psychological Record, 55(1), 103-113. Hossain, K. I. (2013). Understanding islam in the U.S. classroom: A guide for elementary school teachers. Multicultural Education, 20(2), 49-52. Retrieved from http://summit.csuci.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.summit.csuci.edu:2048/docview/1496075832?accountid=7284 Heath, P. (1992). Allegory and Philosophy in Avicenna (Ibn Sina): With a Translation of the Book of the Prophet Muhammads Ascent to Heaven. University of Pennsylvania Press. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fhz90 Mora, G. (1978). Mind-body concepts in the Middle Ages: I. The classical background and its merging with the Judeo-Christian tradition in the early Middle Ages. Journal Of The History Of The Behavioral Sciences, 14(4), 344-361. doi:10.1002/1520-6696(197810)14:43.0.CO;2-H Shoemaker, L. A. (2011). BECAUSE THERE WERE SO MANY OF THEM! MINORITY STATUS IN THE MIDDLE AGES. Encounter, 72(1), 103-112. Retrieved from http://summit.csuci.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.summit.csuci.edu:2048/docview/874991128?accountid=7284 Lay, R. (2006). Educating people of faith, exploring the history of jewish and christian communities. Christian Education Journal, 3(2), 421-425. Retrieved from http://summit.csuci.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.summit.csuci.edu:2048/docview/205415537?accountid=7284 Simonson, P. (2003). Assembly, rhetoric, and widespread community: Mass communication in Paul of Tarsus. Journal Of Media And Religion, 2(3), 165-182. doi:10.1207/S15328415JMR0203_03 THE TRIUMPH OF CHRISTIANITY. (2011). Kirkus Reviews, Lxxix(20) Retrieved from http://summit.csuci.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.summit.csuci.edu:2048/docview/913387439?a4ccountid=7284 Talbert, E. L. (1938). Saint Augustine sociologically viewed. Character Personality; A Quarterly For Psychodiagnostic Allied Studies, 763-67. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1938.tb02272.x

The Immune System Essay -- essays research papers

The Immune System   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The immune system is a group of cells, molecules, and tissues that help defend the body against diseases and other harmful invaders. The immune system provides protection against a variety of potentially damaging substances that can invade the body. These substances include disease-causing organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses. The body's ability to resist these invaders is called immunity. A key feature of the immune system is its ability to destroy foreign invaders while leaving the body's own healthy tissues alone. Sometimes, however, the immune system attacks and damages these healthy tissues. This reaction is called an autoimmune response or autoimmunity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The immune system is composed of many parts that work together to fight infections when pathogens or poisons invade the human body. Pathogens are disease-causing organisms such as bacteria and viruses. The immune system reacts to foreign substances through a series of steps know as the immune response. Any agent perceived as foreign by a body's immune system is called an antigen. Several types of cells may be involved in the immune response to antigens.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When an antigen enters the body, it may be partly neutralized by components of the innate immune system. It may be attacked by phagocytes or by performed antibodies that act together with the complement system. The human immune system cont...

Sociologist Karl Marx

A Brief Introduction Mr. Jeff Riddle April 29th, 2009 There are three major theories that depict how sociologists view the world. The theories are functionalist, conflict, and interaction theory. Each of these has its own viewpoints of how people affect society, and how society affects the people. Each theory has its own group of sociologist to go with it. The theory that a sociologist picks to back has an effect on how they do research and how they look at problems. Schaefer) The first theory is Structural Functional Theory, or functionalism. Functionalism is one of the oldest theories, and is still used today. In functionalism society is made up of different parts, and these parts work together to keep the society stable. Functionalism relies very much on the scientific method. By relying on the scientific method, the study of sociology can be observed in the same way one would view the physical world. (McClelland) In functionalism, change is said to happen when pressure is put on individuals by social structures.This is what is known as a macro theory. Macro theories work from the society downward, the society forces the people to change, not the people change society. The next theory is conflict theory. In opposition to functionalism, when society exists in a state of balance and stability, conflict theory says that society is better described as existing in a state of constant struggle and conflict between two groups. Conflict theory has been growing it popularity since the late 1960s.Many social and economical problems such as, civil rights movements, and political battles, have given prime examples of the conflict between the two groups, reinforcing conflict theory. Marx says there is a constant struggle between the haves, and the have-nots. In a capitalistic society, groups interact in a destructive way. (Schaefer) They do this by the more powerful group exploiting the lower group in order to become more powerful. This is what causes the unbalance in po wer. The next theory is Interactionist or Symbolic Interaction Perspective.This theory is different from the other two because instead of working from the society down in a macro prospective, it works from the individual up, in a micro prospective. Interactionists focus on the subject of human life at a personal level instead of at a social level. An interactionist wants to know what the person was feeling or how they were bothered by a particular situation. Society is made up of patterned and organized interactions on personal basis. Because of this the research done by interactionists can be done at a face-to-face level also instead of focusing on the group or groups within society. McClelland) All interactions and reactions between individuals shape the way society works. An interaction can be any contact; this includes all language and symbols. This is because interactionists want to understand each individual in society, because understanding the individuals will show you how t hey shape society in the end. (McClelland) In conclusion, these different theories give sociologist a basis to work from. They do play a major role in the way a sociologist conducts research, or gathers information in other ways.Not any of the three theories can be said to be correct in a whole, but sociologists can use all of them to better understand a situation and draw conclusions about it. The theories allow sociologists to develop different viewpoints and find the tendencies between them. References Berlin, Isaiah, and Alan Ryan. (1996). Karl Marx: His Life and Environment. New York: Oxford University Press. Schaefer, Richard T. (2008). Sociology. New York: McGraw-Hill. Stanford Encyclopedia Of Philosophy. (2008). Karl Marx. http://www. laspositascollege. edu/library/cited_APA_examples. php#anchorInternet

Human Rights and Right of Privacy - 3471 Words

HUMAN RIGHTS AND RIGHT OF PRIVACY Prasanta Kumar Dey â€Å"Civilization is the progress towards a society of privacy. The savage’s whole existence is public ruled by law of his tribe. Civilization is the process of setting man free from men† - Ayn Rand : The Fountain head, 1943. The idea of privacy is as old as Bibalical notion of creation of progenies on earth. Even Adam and Eve tried to hide their nudity with leaves. Privacy is vital to the mental spiritual and physical well being of all individuals and also to the morality and personality of individual . It is necessary for a secure relationship between individual and individual whether it is between man and wife, son and father or a friend and friend. In other†¦show more content†¦Right to Privacy in India: The concept of privacy was better known in ancient India than elsewhere when the Vedas began to originate Dharmashastras codified the concept of privacy and their commentaries expanded the Law of Privacy. In his Arthashastra Kautilya prescribed procedure to ensure privacy in consultation with his ministers. Though we come across certain legislative provisions for the protection of privacy interests such as Section 509 of the Indian Penal Code, Section 18 of the Indian Easement Act (1882), Section 26, 164 (3) and 165 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1898). We find that the term ‘Privacy’ is not legislatively defined. Nor do we find any definition of this term in the judicial pronouncement. Though right to privacy has not been mentioned in the chapter of Fundamental Rights under the Indian Constitution but its value have been recognized and emphasized by Justice Subha Rao in Kharak Sigh vs. U. P. and Justice Mathew in Govind vs. M. P. Right to privacy has been called out of the provisions of Article 21 and other provisions of the Constitution relating to Fundamental Rights read and with Directive Principles of State Policy. It was in this context held by the court in Kharak Sing vs. State of U. P. that police surveillance of a person by domiciliary visit would be violative of Article 21 of the Constitution. Mathew Justice considered this decision in his classicShow MoreRelatedPrivacy Is A Fundamental Value Of Human Right1098 Words   |  5 Pagespriorities for the name of common good too, right? But there is a borderline between what an individual should and shouldn’t give up. For example, privacy rights. In most cases, people would claim that they have nothin g to hide, but the definition of privacy is not covering the atrocious. Privacy is a fundamental value of human right; it is our defense and space permitted to us of being ourselves. The right to privacy is to forestall the invasion of privacy by other people and the government to haveRead MoreThe Right Of Privacy : A Human Right And An Element Of Various Legal Traditions1324 Words   |  6 PagesThe Right to Privacy can be described as a human right and an element of various legal traditions which may restrain both government and private party action that threatens the privacy of individuals. On the topic of an individual s Right to Privacy, there comes controversy. Some would argue that it is a right and others would say it is a privilege. Those that say it is a privilege, would argue that the Right to Privacy can be taken from anyone at anytime without their consent. 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